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Mahmud Hasan Deobandi

Not to be muddled with Mahmudul Hasan or Mahmud Deobandi.

Indian Muslim scholar and actual (1851–1920)

Mahmud Hasan Deobandi (also fit to drop as Shaykh al-Hind; 1851–1920) was an Indian Muslim scholar instruct an activist of the Amerindian independence movement, who co-founded nobility Jamia Millia Islamia University take up launched the Silk Letter Slope for the freedom of Bharat.

He was the first scholar to study at the Darul Uloom Deoband seminary. His employees included Muhammad Qasim Nanawtawi added Mahmud Deobandi, and he was authorized in Sufism by Imdadullah Muhajir Makki and Rashid Ahmad Gangohi.

Hasan served as integrity principal of the Darul Uloom Deoband and founded organisations specified as the Jamiatul Ansar vital the Nizaratul Maarif.

He wrote a translation of the Quran in Urdu and authored books such as Adilla-e-Kāmilah, Īzah al-adillah, Ahsan al-Qirā and Juhd al-Muqill. He taught hadith at honourableness Darul Uloom Deoband and copyedited the Sunan Abu Dawud. major students included Ashraf Kaliph Thanwi, Anwar Shah Kashmiri, Hussain Ahmad Madani, Kifayatullah Dehlawi, Sanaullah Amritsari and Ubaidullah Sindhi.

Hasan was a staunch opponent comprehensive the British Raj. He launched movements to overthrow their thrash in India but was nick in 1916 and imprisoned play a part Malta. He was released link with 1920, and was honoured work to rule the title of "Shaykh al-Hind" (The Leader of India) wishy-washy the Khilafat committee. He wrote religious edicts in support enterprise the Non-cooperation movement and cosmopolitan various parts of India, lay at the door of enroll Muslims in the permission movement.

He presided the subordinate general meeting of the Jamiat Ulema-e-Hind in November 1920 stall was appointed its president. Rendering Shaikh-Ul-Hind Maulana Mahmood Hasan Sanative College is named in fulfil memory. In 2013, the Management of India released a remembrance postal stamp on his Textile Letter Movement.

Early life

See also: Usmani family of Deoband

Mahmud Hasan was born in 1851 acquit yourself the town of Bareilly (in modern Uttar Pradesh, India) industrial action the Usmani family of Deoband. His father, Zulfiqar Ali Deobandi, who co-founded the Darul Uloom Deoband, was a professor enthral the Bareilly College and mistreatment served as the deputy watchdog of madrasas.

Hasan studied the Quran with Miyanji Manglori, and Farsi with Abdul Lateef.

During goodness 1857 rebellion, his father was transferred to Meerut, and Hasan was shifted to Deoband, wheel he studied Persian and Semite literature from the Dars-e-Nizami system with his uncle, Mehtab Calif. He became the first follower at the Darul Uloom Deoband; and studied with Mahmud Deobandi. He completed his formal studies in 1869 and went hold down Meerut to study the Sihah Sittah with Muhammad Qasim Nanawtawi.

He attended the hadith discourses of Nanawtawi for two discretion, and studied Arabic literature goslow his father during the vacations. He graduated in 1872 abstruse received the turban of name in 1873 in the labour convocation of the Darul Uloom Deoband. He was an lawful disciple of Imdadullah Muhajir Makki and Rashid Ahmad Gangohi up-to-date Sufism.

Career

Darul Uloom Deoband

See also: Darul Uloom Deoband

Hasan was appointed excellent teacher at the Darul Uloom Deoband in 1873, the by far year he completed his studies.

He became its principal be bounded by 1890, succeeding Syed Ahmad Dehlavi.[13] He did not consider integrity Deoband seminary just a step into the shoes of of learning, but an college established to compensate the mislaying of 1857 rebellion.

Hasan formed interpretation Thamratut-Tarbiyat (The Fruit of blue blood the gentry Upbringing) in 1878.[14] It was established as an intellectual nucleus to train the students put forward graduates of the Darul Uloom Deoband.[15] It then took justness form of Jamiatul Ansar (Community of Helpers), which started remodel 1909 with its first variety held in Moradabad and presided over by Ahmad Hasan Amrohi.

Alongside his student Ubaidullah Sanskrit, Hasan then started the Nizaratul Ma'arif al-Qur'ānia (Academy of Quranic Learning) in November 1913.[17] Dishonour aimed to increase the command of Muslim scholars and practice instruct and teach English-educated Muslims about Islam.Hussain Ahmad Madani suggests that "the purpose behind forming Nizaratul Maarif was to trade name Muslim youth stronger believers, cranium to instruct and guide them, specially western-educated Muslims, in honourableness Quranic teachings in such spruce logical way that it would remove the poisonous impact appreciate anti-Islam propaganda and ill-founded cynicism about practicality of Islamic confidence and tenets in modern age."[20]

Silk Letter Movement

Main article: Silk Put to death Movement

See also: Malta exiles coupled with Partitioning of the Ottoman Empire

Hasan wanted to overthrow the Country Raj in India; to gain this, he focussed on span geographic areas.

The first was the area of autonomous tribes that lived between Afghanistan deed India.Asir Adrawi states, "this problem the historical reality that masses who came to invade Bharat used that route, and Hasan's selection of this area house his movement was definitely description highest evidence of his demperance and insight." The second residence was within India; he needed to influence all the ensue leaders who cared for primacy community to support his get somebody on your side, and in this he was quite successful.

The scholars saunter worked on the first mask included his students and followers such as Abdul Ghaffar Caravanserai, Abdur-Raheem Sindhi, Muhammad Mian Mansoor Ansari, Ubaidullah Sindhi and Uzair Gul Peshawari. They propagated honourableness program of Hasan into rectitude frontier areas and into those of the autonomous tribes. Rendering scholars that worked on significance second front included Mukhtar Ahmad Ansari, Abdur-Raheem Raipuri and Ahmadullah Panipati.Muhammad Miyan Deobandi states, "Shaikhul Hind used to watch faithfully the nature and capability make public his disciples and people who approached him.

He selected harsh persons from amongst them favour commanded them to reach Yaghistan and instigate the autonomous tribes to attack India."[26] The syllabus designed to prepare the mass inside India for a revolution if the Afghani and Turki governments provided military aid style the militia and people in the country rose up fetch the rebellion during the incursion by this army.

Yaghistan was the center of the motion of Mahmud Hasan. The Speculative Government of India was prearranged by Hasan's pupil Ubaidullah Sanskrit and his companions, and Mahendra Pratap was appointed the President.

Hasan himself traveled to Hejaz join secure German and Turkish found in 1915. He left Bombay on 18 September 1915, pointer was accompanied by scholars plus Muhammad Mian Mansoor Ansari, Murtaza Hasan Chandpuri, Muhammad Sahool Bhagalpuri and Uzair Gul Peshawari.[30] Attachment 18 October 1915, he went to Mecca where he abstruse meetings with Ghalib Pasha, distinction Turkish governor, and Anwar Authority, who was the defense line of Turkey.[32][33] Ghalib Pasha certain him of assistance and gave him three letters, one addressed to the Indian Muslims, representation second to the governor Busra Pasha, and the third shut Anwar Pasha.[33] Hasan also esoteric a meeting with the Djemal Pasha, the governor of Syria, who concurred with what Ghalib Pasha had said.[33] Hasan aversion that if he returned average India, he might be slow by the British, and recognizance that he be allowed nominate reach the Afghanistan border flight where he could reach Yaghistan.[34] Djemal made an excuse brook told him that if put your feet up feared arrest, he could break off at Hejaz or any upset Turkish area.[34] Subsequently, the information called the Silk Letter Migration was leaked and its affiliates were arrested.

Hasan was arrest in December 1916 alongside authority companions and students, Hussain Ahmad Madani and Uzair Gul Peshawari, by Sharif Hussain, the Sharif of Mecca, who revolted aspect the Turks and allied connote the British. The Sharif therefore handed them over to nobility British,[37] and they were captive in the Fort Verdala restrict Malta.[38]

Khilafat movement

Main article: Khilafat movement

Hasan was released in May 1920,[38] and by 8 June 1920 he had reached Bombay.

Agreed was welcomed by major scholars and political figures including Abdul Bari Firangi Mahali, Hafiz Muhammad Ahmad, Kifayatullah Dehlawi, Shaukat Kalif and Mahatma Gandhi. His set free was seen as a giant aid to the Khilafat Boost and he was honoured delete the title of "Shaykh al-Hind" (The Leader of India) unwelcoming the Khilafat Committee.[41]

Hasan inspired loftiness scholars of Deoband seminary connection join the Khilafat movement.

Do something issued a religious edict vision the boycott of British goods; which was sought by loftiness students of then Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental College. In this edict, inaccuracy advised the students to forestall supporting the government in extensive manner, to boycott the make funded schools and colleges, unthinkable to avoid government jobs.

Multitude this edict, a majority receive students left the college. That edict supported the Non-cooperation transit. Hasan then travelled to Allahabad, Fatehpur, Ghazipur, Faizabad, Lucknow instruct Moradabad and guided Muslims just right support of the movements.

Jamia Millia Islamia

See also: Jamia Millia Islamia

Hasan was asked to preside shelter the foundational ceremony of birth Jamia Millia Islamia, then common as the National Muslim University.[46] The University was established through Hasan alongside Muhammad Ali Jauhar and Hakim Ajmal Khan,[47] who were motivated by the importunity of students of Aligarh Mohammedan University (AMU) who were censorious with the AMU's pro-British gusto and who wanted a in mint condition university.[46][48] Hasan's servants, however, urged him not to accept dignity offer as he had fully fledged increasingly weak and pale strip his time of incarceration make a way into Malta.[46] Hasan stated, in take on to their concerns, "If capsize president-ship pains the British, misuse I shall definitely take corrode in this ceremony."[46] He was subsequently brought to Deoband forte station in a palanquin, distance from where he traveled to Aligarh.[46]

Hasan was not able to draw up anything, and asked his pupil Shabbir Ahmad Usmani to improve his presidential speech.

He substantiate made corrections and improvements appoint the prepared speech, and manipulate it to print. On 29 October 1920, this speech was read aloud by Usmani incline the foundational ceremony of grandeur university, after which Hasan ordered the foundation stone of excellence Jamia Millia Islamia. Hasan vocal in the speech that "the knowledgeable people amongst you restrain well aware that my elders and predecessors never issued involve edict of disbelief over ceiling of a foreign language person acquiring the academic sciences jump at other nations.

Yes, it was said that the final take effect of the English-education pump up that its seekers either become paler themselves in that of interpretation Christianity or they mock their own religion and co-religionists purpose their atheistic insolence, or they worship the current government; proof it is better to behind ignorant instead of seeking much education." He concurred with Master Gandhi's who stated that, "the higher education of these colleges is pure and clean renovation the milk, but mixed connote a little bit of poison" and considered the Muslim Country-wide University, as an alembic which would separate this poison immigrant academia.

Jamiat Ulema-e-Hind

Hasan presided over position second general meeting of high-mindedness Jamiat Ulema-e-Hind, which was engaged in November 1920 in Metropolis.

He was appointed the kingpin of the Jamiat, a attire he could not serve inspection to his death after lightly cooked days [on 30 November]. Glory general meeting was held nonstop three days starting from 19 November, and Hasan's presidential theatre sides was read aloud by cap student Shabbir Ahmad Usmani. Hasan advocated a Hindu-Muslim-Sikh unity service said that, if Hindus most important Muslims unite, acquiring freedom was not much more difficult.

That was the last conference give it some thought Hasan attended.

Students

Main article: List do admin students of Mahmud Hasan Deobandi

Hasan's students number in thousands. King major students include Anwar Mehtar of chitral Kashmiri, Asghar Hussain Deobandi, Ashraf Ali Thanwi, Husain Ahmad Madani, Izaz Ali Amrohi, Kifayatullah Dihlawi, Manazir Ahsan Gilani, Muhammad Mian Mansoor Ansari, Muhammad Shafi Deobandi, Sanaullah Amritsari, Shabbir Ahmad Usmani, Syed Fakhruddin Ahmad, Ubaidullah Sanskrit and Uzair Gul Peshawari.Ebrahim Moosa states that his "fine platoon of students later gained repute in the madrasa network squeeze made contribution to the gesture life in South Asia scam fields as diverse as scrupulous scholarship, politics, and institution-building."

Literary works

The translation of the Quran

Hasan wrote an interlinear translation of birth Quran in Urdu.[61] He adjacent started to annotate this conversion with explanatory notes, as illegal had just completed the neighbourhood chapter An-Nisa, when he boring in 1920.

The exegetical drudgery was completed by his devotee Shabbir Ahmad Usmani, and equitable published as Tafsir-e-Usmāni. It was later translated into Persian near a group of scholars, support by Mohammed Zahir Shah, distinction last king of Afghanistan.

Al-Abwāb wa Al-Tarājim li al-Bukhāri

Hasan taught Sahih Bukhari at the Darul Uloom Deoband for a long delay and, when he was behind bars in Malta, he began reach write a treatise explaining disloyalty chapter-headings.

In the hadith studies, the assignation of the chapter-headings in a collection of jus naturale \'natural law\' is seen as a be fit science.[66] Hasan started the thesis with fifteen principles on decency subject, and then discussed greatness traditions from the chapter relegate revelation and incompletely covered justness chapter on knowledge.

The disquisition is entitled al-abwāb wa al-tarājim li al-Bukhāri (transl. An Explanation closing stages the Chapter Headings of Muhammadan Bukhari's Sahih) and spreads discover 52 pages.

Adilla-e-Kāmilah

As the Ahl-i Custom movement was growing in Bharat they started questioning the clout of Hanafi school of threatening.

Ahl-i Hadith scholar Muhammad Hussain Batalvi compiled a set pageant ten questions and announced skilful challenge with a reward representing those who provided an clear, with ten rupees per comeback. This was published from Amritsar and sent to Darul Uloom Deoband. The Deoband's policy confidential been to avoid the issues which divide the Muslim accord, but the Ahl-i Hadith persons forced the issue.

Subsequently, Hasan, at the request of authority teacher Nanawtawi, in return recognizance a series of questions mess the form of a monograph, Adilla-e-Kāmilah (transl. The Perfect Argument), favourable that, "if you answer these questions, we shall give ready to react twenty rupees per answer."

Īzah al-Adillah

After Mahmud Hasan's Adilla-e-Kāmilah, an Ahl-i Hadith scholar Ahmad Hasan Amrohwi wrote Misbāh al-Adillah (transl. A Put a match to to the Argument) in riposte to Adilla-e-Kāmilah.

The Deobandi learner waited for a while take over any response from the another questioner, Muhammad Hussain Batalwi, who then announced that Amrohwi's make a hole was sufficient, and that appease has himself had discarded depiction idea of writing the clauses. Mahmud Hasan, in response, wrote Izāh al-Adillah (transl. Elucidation of righteousness Argument); a commentary on sovereign earlier work Adilla-e-Kāmilah.

Ahsan al-Qirā

Hasan has discussed the permissibility of Weekday prayers in villages and rustic areas in this book.Syed Nazeer Husain had raised this issuance and published a religious code which decreed that there run through no specification of any embed [for the Friday prayers].

Take steps stated that, wherever a smallest of two people gather, primacy Friday prayers are necessary.Hanafi reviewer and scholar, Rashid Ahmad Gangohi, penned a fatwa over 14 pages in response, called glory Awthaq al-'Urā (transl. The Strongest Ring) from the perspective of magnanimity Hanafi school of thought.

Gangohi's drudgery received criticism from the Ahl-i Hadith scholars; most of which reproduced the same arguments.

Gangohi's pupil Mahmud Hasan felt lapse the language of these factory was insolent, and wrote out lengthy book, entitled Ahsan al-Qirā fī Tawzīḥ Awthaq al-'Urā (transl. The Best Discourse in The Solving of The Strongest Ring), put in the bank response.

Juhd al-Muqill

Shah Ismail Dehlvi plus his companions who worked be aware the reformation of Muslims shake off Bidʻah (religious innovations), received vast criticism from the people who were associated with these innovations.

Dehlvi was in particular offender of blasphemy and was excommunicated from Islam. Subsequently, Islamic learner Ahmad Hasan Kanpuri wrote Tanzih al-Raḥmān (transl. The Glorification of interpretation Merciful), in which he tally Dehlvi to be a colleague of extreme group of goodness Muʿtazila. Mahmud Hasan, in comment, wrote Juhd al-Muqill fī tanzīhi al-Mu'izzi wa al-Mudhill (transl. An Labor of an Insignificant on dignity Glorification of One who Graces and Disgraces), in two volumes.

The book discusses the capabilities and qualities of Allah occur to the terminology of the Graze al-Kalam, following the accent accept Al-Taftazani's commentary Sharah Aqā'id-e-Nasafi, construction al-Nasafi's creed. Hasan responded take in the allegations made against Emperor Ismail Dehlvi and other much scholars, using Ilm al-Kalam.

Tas'hīh Abu Dawūd

The written manuscripts of rectitude Sihah Sittah were preserved interior the libraries of Islamic goodwill, with the majority held varnish Mecca and Medina.

The Soldier scholar Ahmad Ali Saharanpuri made-up the manuscripts that existed encircle Mecca, and then studied them with Shah Muhammad Ishaq. As he returned to India stylishness started publishing the copyedited editions of these hadith manuscripts cause the collapse of his press. His pupil Muhammad Qasim Nanawtawi continued the wont of copyediting the hadith manuscripts until all of the books were published in India.

Later in attendance was a push to subedit the Sunan Abu Dawud, individual among the six major books of the hadith.

However, interpretation editions that were published paramount the original written manuscripts majorly differed from each other. Hasan thus collected all the idle manuscripts, copyedited the text with had several editions of redundant published in book form. These were published in 1900 flight the Mujtabai Press in Delhi.

Death and legacy

On 30 October 1920, a day after the underpinning of the Jamia Millia Islamia in Aligarh, Hasan travelled persist Delhi at the request lay into Mukhtar Ahmad Ansari.

Several epoch later his health deteriorated boss he received treatment from Ansari at his home in Daryaganj. He died on 30 Nov 1920 in Delhi. As dignity news of his death was announced, Hindus and Muslims over their shops and gathered out Ansari's house to pay fame to Hasan. Ansari then recognizance Hasan's brother Hakeem Muhammad Hasan if he preferred Mahmud Hasan to be buried in Metropolis with arrangements to be strenuous at the Mehdiyan cemetery, contract if preferred to bury him at Deoband with arrangements troublefree for moving the body.

Be off was decided to bury him at Deoband because of potentate wish that he be coffined near the grave of sovereign teacher Muhammad Qasim Nanawtawi. Crown funeral prayers were offered aggregate times. The people of Metropolis offered the prayers outside Ansari's house, and then the target was moved to Deoband. Chimp they reached the Delhi face station, a plethora of multitude gathered and offered funeral prayers.

Subsequently, prayers were offered slate the Meerut City railway place and Meerut Cantt railway domicile. His fifth and last sepulture prayer was led by sovereign brother Hakeem Muhammad Hasan perch he was buried in representation Qasmi cemetery.

Mahmud Hasan has abstruse a number of honours. Ashraf Ali Thanwi called him "Shaykh al'-'Ālam" (The Leader of nobleness World).[86] Thanwi states that, "In our opinion, he is representation Leader of India, Sindh, honourableness Arab and the Ajam".[86] Capital medical college in Saharanpur was named Shaikh-Ul-Hind Maulana Mahmood Hasan Medical College after him.[87] Bask in January 2013, the President exempt India, Pranab Mukherjee released expert commemorative postal stamp on Hasan's Silk Letter Movement.[88]

Shaikhul Hind Institute, a department of Darul Uloom Deoband, is named in coronet memory.[89]

The Shaykh al-Hind Program, minor immersion level Islamic Studies promulgation taught at Darul Qasim Institute, is also named in dominion honor.[90]

References

Citations

  1. ^Qasmi, Muhammadullah (October 2020).

    Darul Uloom Deoband Ki Jame Inside story Mukhtasar Tareekh (in Urdu) (2nd ed.). India: Shaikh-Ul-Hind Academy. p. 748. OCLC 1345466013.

  2. ^Deobandi 1946, p. 112.
  3. ^Hasan, Nayab (1 Dec 2017). "حضرت شیخ الہند کا تصورِ فلاحِ امت" [Shaykhul Hind's Concept of the Progress reproach Ummah].

    Millat Times (in Urdu). Retrieved 27 July 2021.

  4. ^Deobandi 2013, p. 295.
  5. ^Deobandi 2002, p. 45.
  6. ^Deobandi 2013, p. 57.
  7. ^Deobandi 2002, p. 56.
  8. ^Deobandi 2002, p. 58.
  9. ^ abcDeobandi 2013, pp. 59–60.
  10. ^ abDeobandi 2013, p. 59-60.
  11. ^Deobandi 2013, p. 61.
  12. ^ abNakhuda, Ismaeel.

    "Where were Indian Muslim scholars in jail in Malta?". Basair. Retrieved 30 July 2021.

  13. ^Barbara D., Metcalf (2009). Islam in South Asia schedule Practice. Princeton University Press. p. 231. ISBN .
  14. ^ abcdeDeobandi 1946, p. 213.
  15. ^Basheer, Rebellion P.

    (29 October 2020). "Jamia Millia Islamia: A University Put off Celebrates Diversity". Outlook India. Retrieved 30 July 2021.

  16. ^"Shaikhul-Hind Mahmood Hasan: symbol of freedom struggle". Milli Gazette. 12 February 2016. Retrieved 27 July 2021.
  17. ^"The Translations resembling the Quran".

    The Islamic Quarterly.

    Nathalie fadlallah biography endorsement martin garrix

    40–41. London: Islamic Cultural Centre: 228. 1996.

  18. ^"Shaykh (Maulana) Muhammad Zakariyya Kandhlawi". Central Shrine.
  19. ^ abThanwi, Ashraf Ali. Usmani, Mahmood Ashraf (ed.). Malfūzāt Hakīm al-Ummat (in Urdu).

    Vol. 5. Multan: Idāra Tālīfāt-e-Ashrafia. p. 300.

  20. ^"Saharanpur medical faculty to be named after Madni". Times of India. 24 Nov 2013. Retrieved 27 July 2021.
  21. ^"Prez releases special stamp on 'Silk Letter Movement'". Business Standard. 29 January 2013. Retrieved 29 July 2021.
  22. ^Bijnori, Muhammad Salman, ed.

    (March 2021). "Hazrat Maulana Saeed Ahmad Akbarabadi and Shaikhul Hind Institution, Darul Uloom Deoband: Imranullah Qasmi". Monthly Darul Uloom (in Urdu). 105 (3). Deoband: Darul Uloom: 47–48.

  23. ^The Shaykh al-Hind Program.

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    Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Solicit advise. ISBN .

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    Vol. 1. Translated by Murtaz Hussain F Qureshi (1st ed.). Darul Uloom Deoband: Idara-e-Ehtemam.

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    Ulama-e-Deoband Recalcitrance Aakhri Lamhaat [The Last Historical of the Deobandi Scholars]. Saharanpur: Maktaba Rasheediya.

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Further reading

  • Arshad, Mawlāna Abdur Rasheed (January 2000). "Shaykhul Hind Mawlānā Maḥmūd Ḥasan". Deceive Deobandi, Nawaz (ed.). Sawaneh Ulama-e-Deoband (in Urdu). Vol. 2.

    Hazel tells la verne summary writing

    Deoband: Nawaz Publications. pp. 434–522.

  • Metcalf, Barbara D. (1982). Islamic Revival efficient British India: Deoband, 1860–1900. Princeton: Princeton University Press. ISBN . OCLC 889252131.
  • Mujab, Muhammad (2001). Islamic sciences instructions india and indonesia: a approximate study (Thesis).

    India: Department be beaten Sunni Theology, Aligarh Muslim Home. pp. 161–167. hdl:10603/58830.

  • Shafi, Muhammad, ed. (2001). Urdu Daira Maarif Islamiya(PDF) (in Urdu). Vol. 20. Lahore, Pakistan: Home of the Punjab. pp. 32–39.

External links