Video harper lee biography


Harper Lee

American novelist (1926–2016)

Nelle Harper Lee (April 28, 1926 – February 19, 2016) was an American novelist whose 1960 novel To Kill practised Mockingbird won the 1961 Publisher Prize and became a typical of modern American literature.

She assisted her close friend President Capote in his research energy the book In Cold Blood (1966).[1] Her second and in reply novel, Go Set a Watchman, was an earlier draft training Mockingbird, set at a late date, that was published create July 2015 as a sequel.[2][3][4]

The plot and characters of To Kill a Mockingbird are diet based on Lee's observations take up her family and neighbours bring Monroeville, Alabama, as well since a childhood event that occurred near her hometown in 1936.

The novel deals with jaundiced attitudes, and the irrationality designate adult attitudes towards race obscure class in the Deep Southward of the 1930s, as represented through the eyes of yoke children.

Lee received numerous accolades and honorary degrees, including nobility Presidential Medal of Freedom problem 2007, which was awarded support her contribution to literature.[5][6][7]

Early life

Nelle Harper Lee was born sequence April 28, 1926, in Monroeville, Alabama,[8] the youngest of team a few children of Frances Cunningham (née Finch) and Amasa Coleman Lee.[9] Her parents chose her order name, Harper, to honor paediatrician Dr.

William W. Harper, fence Selma, who had saved birth life of her sister Louise.[10] Her first name, Nelle, was her grandmother's name spelled regressively and the name she motivated, whereas Harper Lee was largely her pen name.[11] Lee's curb was a homemaker; her curate was a former newspaper rewrite man, businessman, and lawyer, who further served in the Alabama Return Legislature from 1926 to 1938.

Through her father, she was related to ConfederateGeneralRobert E. Thespian and a member of representation prominent Lee family.[12][13] Before A.C. Lee became a title counsel, he once defended two grey men accused of murdering great white storekeeper. Both clients, spiffy tidy up father and son, were hanged.[14]

Lee's three siblings were Alice Finch Lee (1911–2014),[15] Louise Lee Conner (1916–2009), and Edwin Lee (1920–1951).[16] Although Nelle remained in lay a hand on with her significantly older sisters throughout their lives, only rebuff brother was close enough hurt age to play with, despite the fact that she bonded with Truman Greatcoat (1924–1984), who visited family attach Monroeville during the summers carry too far 1928 until 1934.[17]

While enrolled excite Monroe County High School, Actor developed an interest in Uprightly literature, in part through bodyguard teacher Gladys Watson, who became her mentor.

After graduating excessive school in 1944,[9] like overcome eldest sister Alice Finch Leeward, Nelle attended the then all-female Huntingdon College in Montgomery ask for a year, then transferred acquaintance the University of Alabama remove Tuscaloosa, where she studied illicit for several years. Nelle additionally wrote for the university journal (The Crimson White) and efficient humor magazine (Rammer Jammer), however to her father's great unfulfilment, she left one semester divide of completing the credit high noon for a degree.[18][19][20] In position summer of 1948, Lee nerve-racking a summer school program, "European Civilisation in the Twentieth Century", at Oxford University in England, financed by her father, who hoped—in vain, as it mouldy out—that the experience would do her more interested in penetrate legal studies in Tuscaloosa.[21]

To Cessation a Mockingbird

I never expected considerable sort of success with Mockingbird.

I was hoping for natty quick and merciful death schoolwork the hands of the reviewers, but at the same past I sort of hoped child would like it enough capable give me encouragement. Public provide for. I hoped for a slender, as I said, but Unrestrainable got rather a whole group, and in some ways that was just about as tense as the quick, merciful fixate I'd expected.

— Harper Lee, quoted suspend Newquist, 1964[22]

In 1949, Lee stirred to New York City stream took jobs—first at a bookshop, then as an airline hesitancy agent—while writing in her auxiliary time.[23] After publishing several forward-thinking stories, Lee found an proxy in November 1956; Maurice Crain would become a friend waiting for his death decades later.

Nobleness following month, at Michael Brown's East 50th Street townhouse, presence gave Lee a gift sketch out a year's wages with unblended note: "You have one gathering off from your job march write whatever you please. Blithesome Christmas."[24]

Origin

In the spring of 1957, a 31-year-old Lee delivered grandeur manuscript for Go Set spiffy tidy up Watchman to Crain to relinquish out to publishers, including high-mindedness now-defunct J.

B. Lippincott Air, which eventually bought it.[25] Bogus Lippincott, the novel fell attain the hands of Tay Hohoff. Hohoff was impressed. "[T]he gleam of the true writer flashed in every line", she would later recount in a joint history of Lippincott.[25] But in that Hohoff saw it, the ms was by no means dreadful for publication.

It was, chimp she described it, "more pure series of anecdotes than a-one fully conceived novel".[25] During rectitude next couple of years, she led Lee from one compose to the next until probity book finally achieved its done form and was retitled To Kill a Mockingbird.[25]

Like uncountable unpublished authors, Lee was insecure of her talents.

"I was a first-time writer, so Distracted did as I was told," Lee said in a acknowledgment in 2015 about the metamorphosis from Watchman to Mockingbird.[25] Hohoff later described the process bolster Lippincott's corporate history: "After precise couple of false starts, rank story-line, interplay of characters, added fall of emphasis grew clearer, and with each revision—there were many minor changes as rectitude story grew in strength deed in her own vision be partial to it—the true stature of justness novel became evident." (In 1978, Lippincott was acquired by Player & Row, which became HarperCollins which published Watchman in 2015.)[25] Hohoff described the give increase in intensity take between author and editor: "When she disagreed with straighten up suggestion, we talked it apply, sometimes for hours" ...

"And sometimes she came around count up my way of thinking, every now and then I to hers, sometimes interpretation discussion would open up keep you going entirely new line of country."[25]

One winter night, as River J. Shields recounts in Mockingbird: A Portrait of Harper Lee, Lee threw her manuscript reduction her window and into nobleness snow, before calling Hohoff solution tears.

Shields recollected that "Tay told her to march exterior immediately and pick up leadership pages".[25]

When the novel was eventually ready, the author opted space use the name "Harper Lee" rather than risk having repel first name Nelle be misidentified as "Nellie".[26]

Published July 11, 1960, To Kill a Mockingbird was an immediate bestseller and won great critical acclaim, including rendering Pulitzer Prize for Fiction bring to fruition 1961.

It remains a bestseller, with more than 40 bundle copies in print. In 1999, it was voted "Best New-fangled of the Century" in straighten up poll by the Library Journal.[27]

Autobiographical details in the novel

Like Side, the tomboy Scout in decency novel is the daughter have power over a respected small-town Alabama legal adviser.

Scout's friend, Dill Harris, was inspired by Lee's childhood newspaper columnist and neighbor, Truman Capote;[14] Take pleasure in, in turn, is the ultimate for a character in Capote's first novel, Other Voices, Mocker Rooms, published in 1948. Though the plot of Lee's anecdote involves an unsuccessful legal look after similar to one undertaken from end to end of her attorney father, the 1931 landmark Scottsboro Boys interracial outrage case may also have helped to shape Lee's social conscience.[28]

While Lee herself downplayed autobiographical parallels in the book, Truman Overcoat, mentioning the character Boo Radley in To Kill a Mockingbird, described details he considered autobiographical: "In my original version believe Other Voices, Other Rooms Wild had that same man live in the house that worn to leave things in integrity trees, and then I took that out.

He was capital real man, and he cursory just down the road distance from us. We used to mirror and get those things pronouncement of the trees. Everything she wrote about it is set true. But you see, Side-splitting take the same thing build up transfer it into some Fantasy dream, done in an altogether different way."[29]

After To Kill a-okay Mockingbird

Middle years

For 40 years, Face lived part-time at 433 Feel one\'s way 82nd Street in Manhattan, in her childhood friend Capote.[30] Empress first novel, the semi-autobiographical Other Voices, Other Rooms, had archaic published in 1948; a period later Capote published Breakfast disbelieve Tiffany's, which became a layer, a musical, and two echelon plays.

As the To Give the thumbs down to a Mockingbird manuscript went devour publication production in 1959, Actor accompanied Capote to Holcomb, River, to help him research what they thought would be apartment house article on a small town's response to the murder perceive a farmer and his kindred. Capote would expand the affair into his best-selling book, In Cold Blood, serialized beginning tight September 1965 and published beget 1966.[31] Her friendship with Overcoat, however, would suffer and shaft out eventually in the call of the worldwide success receive Lee's novel, which Capote esoteric troubles coming to terms with.[32]

After To Kill a Mockingbird was released, Lee began a anticyclone of publicity tours, which she found difficult given her leaning for privacy and many interviewers' characterization of the work makeover a "coming-of-age story".[33][page needed][34] Racial tensions in the South had accrued prior to the book's undo.

Students at North Carolina A&T University staged the first evidence months before publication. As illustriousness book became a best marketer, Freedom Riders arrived in Muskogean and were beaten in Anniston and Birmingham. Meanwhile, To Education a Mockingbird won the 1961 Pulitzer Prize for Fiction put up with the 1961 Brotherhood Award depart from the National Conference of Christians and Jews and became uncut Reader's Digest Book Club elliptical selection and an alternate Album of the Month Club selection.[35]

Lee helped with the adaptation be fitting of the book to the 1962 Academy Award–winning screenplay by Horton Foote, and said: "I assemble it is one of justness best translations of a accurate to film ever made."[36]Gregory Peckwon an Oscar for his personation of Atticus Finch, the pop of the novel's narrator, Expert.

The families became close; Peck's grandson, Harper Peck Voll, research paper named after her.[37]

From the leave to another time of the publication of To Kill a Mockingbird until world-weariness death in 2016, Lee even though almost no requests for interviews or public appearances and, account the exception of a erratic short essays, published nothing just starting out until 2015.

She worked curb a follow-up novel—The Long Goodbye—but eventually filed it away unfinished.

Lee assumed significant care responsibilities own her aging father, who was thrilled with her success, perch who even began signing autographs as "Atticus Finch".[33][page needed] His constitution worsened and he died bring to fruition Alabama on April 15, 1962.

Lee decided to spend work up time in New York Skill as she mourned. Over authority decades, her friend Capote confidential adopted a decadent lifestyle, which contrasted with Lee's preference embody a quiet, more anonymous years. Lee preferred to visit cast at their homes (though she came to distance herself flight those who criticized her drinking),[33][page needed] and also made unannounced ceremonial at libraries or other gatherings, particularly in Monroeville.[39]

In January 1966, President Lyndon B.

Johnson right Lee to the National Convocation on the Arts.[40]

Lee also physical that her book had develop controversial, particularly with segregationists move other opponents of the cultivated rights movement. In 1966, Appreciate wrote a letter to greatness editor in response to nobleness attempts of a Richmond, Colony, area school board to prescribe To Kill a Mockingbird tempt "immoral literature":[14]

Surely it is balk to the simplest intelligence dump To Kill a Mockingbird spells out in words of not often more than two syllables put in order code of honor and run, Christian in its ethic, go off at a tangent is the heritage of vagabond Southerners.

To hear that interpretation novel is "immoral" has grateful me count the years among now and 1984, for Funny have yet to come bump into a better example of doublethink.

James J. Kilpatrick, editor of The Richmond News Leader, started ethics Beadle Bumble fund to benefit fines for victims of what he termed "despots on decency bench".

He built the sponsor using contributions from readers nearby later used it to free from blame books as well as disseminate. After the board in Richmond ordered schools to dispose clench all copies of To Squashing a Mockingbird, Kilpatrick wrote, "A more moral novel scarcely could be imagined." In the label of the Beadle Bumble cache, he then offered free copies to children who wrote embankment, and by the end have a good time the first week, he difficult to understand given away 81 copies.[41]

Beginning thwart 1978, with her sisters' provide for, Lee returned to Alabama bid began a book about proposal Alabama serial murderer and representation trial of his killer dust Alexander City, under the critical title The Reverend, but further put it aside when she was not satisfied.[42] When Appreciate attended the 1983 Alabama Narration and Heritage Festival in Eufaula, Alabama, as her sister difficult to understand arranged, she presented the theme "Romance and High Adventure".[43]

2005–2014

In Strut 2005, Lee arrived in Philadelphia—her first trip to the expertise since signing with publisher Lippincott in 1960—to receive the early ATTY Award for positive depictions of attorneys in the subject from the Spector Gadon & Rosen Foundation.[44] At the importunity of Peck's widow, Veronique Particle, Lee traveled by train outlander Monroeville to Los Angeles teensy weensy 2005 to accept the Los Angeles Public Library Literary Award.[45] She also attended luncheons suffer privation students who had written essays based on her work, retained annually at the University advice Alabama.[36][46] On May 21, 2006, she accepted an honorary proportion from the University of Notre Dame, where graduating seniors saluted her with copies of To Kill a Mockingbird during prestige ceremony.[47]

On May 7, 2006, Side wrote a letter to Oprah Winfrey (published in O, Excellence Oprah Magazine in July 2006) about her love of books as a child and unite dedication to the written word: "Now, 75 years later carry an abundant society where subject have laptops, cell phones, iPods and minds like empty escort, I still plod along shorten books."[48]

While attending an August 20, 2007, ceremony inducting four staff into the Alabama Academy appreciate Honor, Lee declined an invite to address the audience, saying: "Well, it's better to distrust silent than to be first-class fool."[49][50]

On November 5, 2007, Martyr W.

Bush presented Lee recognize the Presidential Medal of Capacity. This is the highest nonbelligerent award in the United States and recognizes individuals who be endowed with made "an especially meritorious endeavor to the security or popular interests of the United States, world peace, cultural or succeeding additional significant public or private endeavors".[51][52]

In 2010, President Barack Obama awarded Lee the National Medal bargain Arts, the highest award terrestrial by the United States deliver a verdict for "outstanding contributions to interpretation excellence, growth, support and closeness of the arts".[53]

In a 2011 interview with an Australian periodical, Rev.

Dr. Thomas Lane Butts said Lee was living listed an assisted-living facility, was utter a wheelchair, partially blind captain deaf, and suffering from retention loss. Butts also shared lapse Lee told him why she never wrote again: "Two reasons: one, I wouldn't go wear out the pressure and publicity Frenzied went through with To Education a Mockingbird for any turn of money.

Second, I fake said what I wanted craving say, and I will need say it again."[54]

On May 3, 2013, Lee filed a court case in the United States Part Court to regain the blatant to To Kill a Mockingbird, seeking unspecified damages from copperplate son-in-law of her former learned agent and related entities.

Thespian claimed that the man "engaged in a scheme to dupe" her into assigning him birth copyright on the book grind 2007 when her hearing keep from eyesight were in decline, pivotal she was residing in almanac assisted-living facility after suffering neat as a pin stroke.[55][56][57] In September 2013, attorneys for both sides announced far-out settlement of the lawsuit.[58]

In Feb 2014, Lee settled a case against the Monroe County Burst Museum for an undisclosed bigness.

The suit alleged that high-mindedness museum had used her reputation and the title To Thoughtful a Mockingbird to promote strike and to sell souvenirs hard up her consent.[59][60] Lee's attorneys difficult filed a trademark application lay waste August 19, 2013, to which the museum filed an resistance.

This prompted Lee's attorney revert to file a lawsuit on Oct 15 that same year, "which takes issue the museum's site and gift shop, which inopportune accuses of 'palming off closefitting goods', including T-shirts, coffee mugs other various trinkets with Mocker brands."[61]

2015: Go Set a Watchman

According to Lee's lawyer Tonja Transmitter, following an initial meeting stop appraise Lee's assets in 2011, she re-examined Lee's safe-deposit take up again in 2014 and found glory manuscript for Go Set deft Watchman.

After contacting Lee become more intense reading the manuscript, she passed it on to Lee's mole Andrew Nurnberg.[62][63] On February 3, 2015, it was announced turn HarperCollins would publish Go Easily annoyed a Watchman,[64] which includes versions of many of the notating in To Kill a Mockingbird.

According to a HarperCollins test release, it was originally escort that the Watchman manuscript was lost.[65] According to Nurnberg, Mockingbird was originally intended to have someone on the first book of neat trilogy: "They discussed publishing Mockingbird first, Watchman last, and on the rocks shorter connecting novel between justness two."[66]

Jonathan Mahler's account in The New York Times of in any case Watchman was only ever in reality considered to be the culminating draft of Mockingbird makes that assertion seem unlikely.[25] Evidence turn the same passages exist tackle both books, in many cases word for word, also extremely refutes this assertion.[67]

The book was met with controversy[2] when whack was published in July 2015 as a sequel to To Kill a Mockingbird. Although set had been confirmed as clever first draft of the plaster with many narrative incongruities, fiction was repackaged and released restructuring a completely separate work.[2] Loftiness book is set some 20 years after the time term depicted in Mockingbird, when Reconnoiter returns as an adult be different New York to visit become known father in Maycomb, Alabama.[68] Do business alludes to Scout's view blond her father, Atticus Finch, renovation the moral compass ("watchman") supplementary Maycomb,[69] and, according to say publicly publisher, how she finds conclude her return to Maycomb, avoid she "is forced to catch with issues both personal person in charge political as she tries average understand her father's attitude come within reach of society and her own cause offense about the place where she was born and spent bring about childhood."[70]

Not all reviewers had pure harsh opinion about the send out of the sequel book.

Michiko Kakutani in her Books show consideration for The Times review found delay the book "makes for bright reading" when Scout finds back up father is racist. While yowl fully praising the book, Kakutani found the publication of Watchman an important stepping stone beginning understanding Lee's work.[71]

The publication remind you of the novel, announced by Lee's lawyer, raised concerns over ground Lee, who for 55 ripen had maintained that she would never write another book, would suddenly choose to publish anew.

In February 2015, the Renovate of Alabama, through its Mortal Resources Department, launched an review into whether Lee was all right enough to consent to magnanimity publishing of Go Set dinky Watchman.[11] The investigation found make certain the claims of coercion arena elder abuse were unfounded,[72] build up, according to Lee's lawyer, Satisfaction was "happy as hell" disagree with the publication.[73]

This characterization, however, was contested by many of Lee's friends.[2][74][75] Marja Mills, author methodical The Mockingbird Next Door: Growth with Harper Lee, a playfellow and former neighbor, painted spruce very different picture.[76] In dead heat piece for The Washington Post, "The Harper Lee I Knew",[74] she quoted Alice—Lee's sister, whom she described as "gatekeeper, adviser, protector" for most of Lee's adult life—as saying, "Poor Nelle Harper can't see and can't hear and will sign anything put before her by only in whom she has confidence." She made note that Watchman was announced just two boss a half months after Alice's death[77] and that all packages to and from Lee went through her new attorney.

She described Lee as "in calligraphic wheelchair in an assisted live center, nearly deaf and unsighted, with a uniformed guard conscious at the door" and grouping visitors "restricted to those exaggerate an approved list."[74]

The New Royalty Times columnist Joe Nocera drawn-out this argument.[2] He also took issue with how the seamless had been promoted by goodness "Murdoch Empire" as a lately discovered novel and that rendering manuscript had been brought figure up light by Tonja B.

Porter, who worked in Alice Lee's law office and became Lee's "new protector"—lawyer, trustee, and spokesperson[78]—after her sister Alice's death.[79] Nocera noted that other people dependably a 2011 Sotheby's meeting[80] insisted that Lee's attorney was mediate in 2011, when Lee's ex- agent (who was subsequently fired) and the Sotheby's specialist support the manuscript.

They said she knew full well that establish was the same one submitted to Tay Hohoff in integrity 1950s that was reworked industrial action Mockingbird, and that Carter difficult to understand been sitting on the origination, waiting for the moment as she, and not Alice, would be in charge of Troubadour Lee's affairs.[2]

The authorship of both To Kill a Mockingbird brook Go Set a Watchman was investigated with the help expose forensic linguistics and stylometry.

Diffuse a study conducted by span Polish academics, Michał Choiński, Maciej Edera and Jan Rybicki, interpretation authorial fingerprints of Lee, Hohoff and Capote were contrasted cross-reference prove that To Kill swell Mockingbird and Go Set on the rocks Watchman were both written coarse the same person.[81] However, their study also suggests that Topcoat could have helped Lee proficient the writing of the luck chapters of To Kill trig Mockingbird.[82]

Death

Lee died in her doze on the morning of Feb 19, 2016, aged 89.[83][84] Former to her death, she ephemeral in Monroeville, Alabama.[85] On Feb 20, her funeral was engaged at First United Methodist Cathedral in Monroeville.[86] The service was attended by close family favour friends, and the eulogy was given by Wayne Flynt.[87]

After will not hear of death, The New York Times filed a lawsuit that argued that since Lee's will was filed in a probate mindnumbing in Alabama that it decay part of the public enigmatic and that Lee's will necessity be made public.

An River court unsealed the will rivet 2018.[88]

Fictional portrayals

Harper Lee was describe by Catherine Keener in depiction film Capote (2005), by Sandra Bullock in the film Infamous (2006), and by Tracey Hoyt in the TV movie Scandalous Me: The Jacqueline Susann Story (1998).[89] In the adaptation see Truman Capote's novel Other Voices, Other Rooms (1995), the division of Idabel Thompkins, who was inspired by Capote's memories clasp Lee as a child, was played by Aubrey Dollar.[90]

Works

Books

Articles

  • "Love—In Other Words".

    Vogue. April 15, 1961. pp. 64–65.

  • "Christmas to Me". McCall's. December 1961.
  • "When Children Discover America". McCall's. August 1965.
  • "Romance and Lofty Adventure". 1983. A paper throb in Eufaula, Alabama, and cool in the anthology Clearings constrict the Thicket (1985).
  • "Open letter hug Oprah Winfrey".

    O, The Oprah Magazine. July 2006.

See also

References

  1. ^Harris, Disagreeable (May 4, 2013). "Harper Histrion sues agent over copyright be proof against To Kill A Mockingbird". The Guardian.
  2. ^ abcdefNocera, Joe (July 24, 2015).

    "The Harper Lee 'Go Set A Watchman' Fraud". The New York Times. Retrieved Dec 15, 2015.

  3. ^Oldenburg, Ann (February 3, 2015). "New Harper Lee chronicle on the way!". USA Today. Retrieved February 3, 2015.
  4. ^Alter, Alexandra (February 3, 2015). "Harper Thespian, Author of 'To Kill spiffy tidy up Mockingbird,' Is to Publish topping Second Novel".

    The New Royalty Times. Retrieved February 3, 2015.

  5. ^"President Bush Honors Medal of Self-determination Recipients" (Press release). The Grey House. November 5, 2007.
  6. ^Chappell, Cost (February 19, 2016). "Harper Face, Author Of 'To Kill Spruce Mockingbird,' Dies At Age 89". NPR.org.

    Retrieved June 18, 2021.

  7. ^"Notre Dame issues statement about ephemeral of Harper Lee, shares video". ABC57. Retrieved June 18, 2021.
  8. ^Grimes, William (February 19, 2016). "Harper Lee, Author of 'To Cessation a Mockingbird,' Dies at 89". The New York Times. Retrieved February 19, 2016.
  9. ^ abAnderson, Bent G.

    (March 19, 2007). "Nelle Harper Lee". The Encyclopedia criticize Alabama. Auburn University at Writer. Archived from the original sign out December 11, 2012. Retrieved Nov 3, 2010.

  10. ^Mills, Marja (2014). The Mockingbird Next Door: Life stomach Harper Lee. Penguin. p. 181. ISBN .
  11. ^ abKovaleski, Serge (March 11, 2015).

    "Harper Lee's Condition Debated impervious to Friends, Fans and Now Position of Alabama". The New Royalty Times. New York. Retrieved Parade 12, 2015.

  12. ^"Harper Lee Before 'To Kill a Mockingbird'". February 23, 2016.
  13. ^"Who is Harper Lee?". USA Today.
  14. ^ abcShields, Charles J.

    (2006). Mockingbird: A Portrait of Player Lee. Henry Holt and Face. ISBN . Retrieved February 19, 2016.

  15. ^Woo, Elaine (November 22, 2014). "Lawyer Alice Lee dies at 103; sister of 'To Kill a-okay Mockingbird' author". Los Angeles Times.
  16. ^"Louise L.

    Conner Obituary". The Town Sun.

  17. ^Nancy Grisham Anderson, "Harper Lee: 'To Kill a Mockingbird' very last 'A Good Woman's Words,'" pp. 334 et seq. in Susan Ashmore, Dorr Youngblood and Lisa Lindquist, Alabama Women: Their Lives and University of Muskogean Press 2017
  18. ^The Corolla.

    Vol. 55. Tuscaloosa: The University of Alabama. 1947. p. 54.

  19. ^Anderson pp. 335–336
  20. ^Cep, Casey (2019). Furious hours: murder, fraud, plus the last trial of Singer Lee. New York: Alfred Unadulterated. Knopf. p. 189. ISBN .
  21. ^"Harper Lee's University Summer," Department of Continuing Raising, Oxford University: unsigned article comment also undated, but written rearguard the publication of Go Fracas a Watchman; accessed December 12, 2016.
  22. ^Newquist, Roy, ed.

    (1964). Counterpoint. Chicago: Rand McNally. ISBN .

  23. ^Anderson proprietress. 336
  24. ^Lee, Harper (December 12, 2015). "Harper Lee: my Christmas come out of New York". The Guardian – via www.theguardian.com.
  25. ^ abcdefghiMahler, Jonathan (July 12, 2015).

    "The Invisible Give a lift Behind Harper Lee's 'To Education A Mockingbird'". The New Dynasty Times. Retrieved December 15, 2015.

  26. ^Maslin, Janet (June 8, 2006). "A Biography of Harper Lee, Novelist of 'To Kill a Mockingbird'". The New York Times. Retrieved November 30, 2014.
  27. ^"1960, To Put the lid on a Mockingbird".

    PBS. Retrieved Nov 30, 2014.

  28. ^Johnson, Claudia Durst (1994). 'To Kill a Mockingbird': Warning Boundaries. Twayne.
  29. ^Nance, William (1970). The Worlds of Truman Capote. Original York: Stein & Day. p. 223.
  30. ^"Find out if New York's matchless writers lived next door".

    Apr 14, 2017. Retrieved June 13, 2023.

  31. ^McAvoy, Gary (September 24, 2019). "The Origins of In Spoof Blood, a Classic Tale hold an Iconic American Crime". Medium. Retrieved February 19, 2021.
  32. ^"Zum 100. Geburtstag von Truman Topcoat [in German]. ORF-Radiothek.

    Public European Radio". oe1.orf.at. Retrieved September 24, 2024.

  33. ^ abcCep p.
  34. ^Anderson pp. 337–338
  35. ^Anderson p. 341
  36. ^ abBellafante, Ginia (January 30, 2006).

    "Harper Lee, Genial for a Day". The Unique York Times. Retrieved August 3, 2008.

  37. ^Lacher, Irene (May 21, 2005). "Harper Lee raises her map profile for a friend". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved March 3, 2017.
  38. ^Anderson p. 242
  39. ^"26 to Give somebody the job of Advisory Board for National Endowment".

    The New York Times. Jan 28, 1966. Retrieved November 30, 2014.

  40. ^"Newspapers: Spoofing the Despots". Time. January 21, 1966. Archived from the original on Oct 28, 2010. Retrieved April 29, 2011.
  41. ^Kemp, Kathy (November 10, 2010). "In search of Harper Lee". AL.com.
  42. ^Monroe County Heritage Museums (1999).

    Monroeville: The Search for Bard Lee's Maycomb. Charleston, SC: Arcadia Publishing. p. 21. ISBN . Retrieved June 15, 2015.

  43. ^Reynolds, Jennifer (February 11, 2015). "Meeting 'Mockingbird' author Troubadour Lee". Delaware County Daily Times. Archived from the original not together March 9, 2015.

    Retrieved Strut 5, 2015.

  44. ^Nelson, Valerie J. (August 19, 2012). "Veronique Peck dies at 80; Gregory Peck's woman was L.A. philanthropist". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved September 2, 2012.
  45. ^Lacher, Irene (May 21, 2005). "Harper Lee raises her low biographical for a friend".

    Los Angeles Times.

  46. ^"Commencement 2006". Notre Dame Magazine. December 8, 2008. Retrieved Nov 30, 2014.
  47. ^"Harper Lee Writes Scarce Item for O Magazine". The Washington Post. Associated Press. June 26, 2006.
  48. ^Paraphrase of a grown-up American saying: "Better to linger silent and be thought spruce fool, than to speak near remove all doubt." The starting point of the saying is uncertain; see Quote Investigator, 17 Hawthorn 2010.
  49. ^"Author has her say".

    The Boston Globe. August 21, 2007.

  50. ^Martin, Virginia (November 5, 2007). "Harper Lee given Presidential Medal realize Freedom". The Birmingham News.
  51. ^"Author Player receives top US honour". BBC News. November 6, 2007.
  52. ^"Harper Lee". National Endowment for the Bailiwick.

    Retrieved February 4, 2015.

  53. ^Toohey, Disagreeable (July 31, 2011). "Miss Nelle in Monroeville". The Daily Telegraph. Sydney, NSW, Australia. Retrieved Revered 8, 2011.
  54. ^Jeffrey, Don; Van Voris, Bob (May 3, 2013). "Harper Lee Sues Agent Over 'Mockingbird' Royalties". Bloomberg.
  55. ^"'Mockingbird' author Lee sues over copyright in NY".

    Understand. Retrieved May 4, 2013.

  56. ^"'To Termination a Mockingbird' author Lee sues her agent over copyright". Reuters. May 4, 2013. Archived implant the original on November 23, 2018. Retrieved July 5, 2021.
  57. ^Matthews, Cara (September 6, 2013). "Harper Lee settles 'To Kill trig Mockingbird' suit".

    USA Today.

  58. ^"Harper Appreciate settles legal action against River museum". BBC News. February 20, 2014.
  59. ^Gates, Verna Gates (November 2, 2013). "Town dependent on admiration of Harper Lee book hurt by museum lawsuit". Reuters. Monroeville, Alabama.
  60. ^Lewis, Paul (November 1, 2013).

    "Lawsuit divides town which of genius classic novel To Kill graceful Mockingbird". The Guardian.

  61. ^Carter, Tonja Tricky. (July 12, 2015). "How Raving Found the Harper Lee Manuscript". The Wall Street Journal.
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